2
15-
Hatim and Mason (1990) :
according to their rhetorical purposes:
Argumentative , expositive
and instruction-based
16-
Newmark (1988):
Few texts are purely expressive informative or vocative: most include all three functions, with an emphasis on one of the three
17-
Katherina Reiss
classified text types as follows:
Informative ,Expressive ,Operative ,Audiomedial .
18- Informative : اعلامي 'Plain communication of facts':
information, knowledge, opinions, etc.
The language dimension used to transmit the information is logical or referential, the content or 'topic' is the main focus of the communication, and the text type is informative.
19- Expressive تعبيري : 'Creative composition':
the author auses the aesthetic dimension of language.
The author or 'sender' is foregrounded, as well as the form of the message, and the text type is expressive
20-
Operative اقناعي : 'Inducing behavioral responses':
the aim of the appellative function is to appeal to or persuade the reader or 'receiver' of the text to act in a certain way.
The form of language is dialogic, the focus is appellative and Reiss calls this text type operative
21-
Audiomedial texts النصوص السمعية الوسائطية :
such as films and visual and spoken advertisements which supplement the other three functions with visual images, music, etc.
22-
The term “text type” is often used in a similar sense of “genre” النوع .
-
Dickins, Hervey and Higgins distinguished five broad categories of “genre” Literary ,Religious ,Philosophical ,Empirical , Persuasive .
23- Literary Genres الانواع الادبية :
poetry, fiction and drama
-
Features of Texts in This Category:
-
these texts concern a world autonomously but not controlled by the physical world outside
-
they contain features of “expression” which create features of “content”.
24-
Religious Genres الانواع الدينية :
-
Features of Texts in This Category:
-
these texts imply the existence of a religious world that is not fictive, but has its own realities and truths. So the author is not free to create the world that animates the subject matter but to be merely instrumental in exploring it.
25-
Philosophical Genres الانواع الفلسفية :
Features of Texts in This Category:
These texts have a “world” of ideas. Pure mathematics is the best example of philosophical genres.
26-
Empirical Genres الانششواع التجريبية :
Features of Texts in This Category:
These texts purports to deal with the real world as it is experienced by observers , They are more or less informative, and it is understood to take an objective view of observable phenomena.
-
Examples: scientific and technological
27-
Persuasive Genres الانواع المقنعة :
تعاريف ترجمة الانماط النصية - نجود
3
Features of Texts in This Category:
These texts aim at getting listeners or readers to behave in prescribed or suggested ways, that is: getting an audience to take a certain course of action, and perhaps explaining how to take it.
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Examples: instruction manuals, laws, rules and regulations, propaganda leaflets, newspaper opinion columns and editorials, and advertisements.
28-
Decisions of Detail قرارات التفاصيل :
Reasoned decisions concerning the specific problems of grammar, vocabulary encountered in translating particular expressions in their particular context
29-
English meter الوزن الشعري : syllable and stress metre.
30- The line البيت : is defined in terms of feet.
31- A foot الشطر : is a conventional group of stressed and/or unstressed syllables in a particular order.
32- A line of traditional verseالبيت الشعري التقليدي : consists of affixed number of particular feet.