المحاضرة الثالثة / الجزء الثاني
Person, Number and Gender
الشخصية , الارقام , الجنس
Person
Nouns can be personal (humans) or non-personal (animals and inanimate objects).
الاسماء قد تكون شخصيه ( انسان ) او غير شخصية كالحيوانات اوالجمادات
Note:Personal nouns can only be animate (because they only refer to humans). Non-personal nouns can be either animate (when they refer to animals) or inanimate (when they refer to inanimate objects).
We can also use the term “person” in a different way. Traditionally, personal pronouns differentiate between :
the person speaking (first person),
the person spoken to (second person)
and the people or things spoken about (third person).
هنا يجب التفرقة بين الضمائر كالتالي :
- الشخص المتكلم , ويطلق عليه الشخص الاول ( I , we
- الشخص المتكلم اليه او المستمع للحديث ويطلق عليه الشخص الثاني you
- الاشخاص او الاشياء التي نتكلم عنها ويطلق عليها الشخص الثالث
(he, she, it, they )
- 1st person pronouns: I, we
2nd person pronouns: you
3rd person pronouns: he, she, it, they
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Number
الاعداد
Singular (number) or plural (number) affects the form of almost all count nouns, pronouns and demonstratives.
الاعداد سواء كانت مفردة او جمع تؤثر على الشكل لمعظم الاسماء المعدودة او الغير معدودة او الضمائر او اسماء الاشارة
هنا بعض الامثله ( اشوفها واضحة ) :
Here are some examples:
Count Nouns: student (singular); students (plural)I
Mass nouns are considered to be singular.I
e.g. water, rice (singular)I
Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it (singular)I
we, you, they (plural)I
Demonstratives: this, that (singular);I
these, those (plural)I
Whether the subject is 1st person, 2nd person or 3rd person; and whether it is singular or plural can affect the form taken by the verb.
e.g.
He walks home everyday. (3rd person singular subject)I
I walk home everyday. (1st person singular subject)I
They walk home everyday. (3rd person plural subject
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Gender الجنس
The 3rd person singular form of personal pronouns can be affected by gender as follows:
الشخص الثالث الذي اشرنا له سابقا وهي
3rd person pronouns: he, she, it, they
المفرد منها وهي he, she, it تتاثر بجنس المتحدث اليه ذكرا كان او انثى
على النحو التالي
1I. The masculine pronoun “he” refers to males.I
I2. The feminine pronoun “she” refers to females.I
I3. The neuter pronoun “it” refers to inanimate objects, or to a person or animal not yet regarded as male or female (e.g. “Who is it?”).I
The distinction between male and female may affect our choice of lexical items (words or phrases) that could fill a “slot” in the structure of a clause.
هنا تمرين على ما سبق :
man, headmaster, woman, actress
ممثله , امراة , مدير المدرسة , رجل
هذه الكلمات السابقة اي منها يناسب ان يكون في الفراغ بالجمل التاليه :
He is a good -----.I
Man and headmaster can fill the slot .
هنا الضمير he يتناسب معه الاسماء رجل و مدير
. ------- She is a good
Woman and actress can fill the slot .
هنا الضمير she ويتناسب معه ممثله ومرأه
Note 1: The suffix “–ess” is found in a number of words referring to women, but there are other words referring to women that do not have this suffix.e.g. aunt, niece, nun
ملاحظه : اللاحقة essتوجد في عدد من الكلمات لتشير للانثى , لكن توجد كلمات تشير للانثى دون وجود لواحق بها
Note 2: Most nouns in English can refer to both male and female.
معظم الاسماء في الانجليزية تشير للذكر والانثى
هنا رسم توضيحي
