^


الـ Clause هو جزء من جملة .. يعني جملة في جملة .. يعني المقطع الأول أو المقطع الثاني ..
نسمّيه Clause .. الجملة البسيطة نقدر نسمّيها Clause

صح علي يا جماعة؟ :16.jpg:

-

Grammar: the rules that say how words are combined, arranged and changed to show different meanings.
Sentence: group of words that expresses a statement, question, command or exclamation.
Statement: a sentence which gives information. ( declarative )
Question: a sentence which asks for information or makes a request. ( interrogative )
Command: a sentence which gives an order or makes a suggestion. ( Imperative )
Exclamation: a sentence which is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude.
Verb: the central unit ( nucleus ) of an English sentence.
Intransitive: verbs that require no objects.
Transitive: verbs that require objects.
Monotransitive: verbs that require only one object
Ditransitive: verbs that require two objects.
Indirect object: comes first followed by the direct object.
Phrase: two or more words that function together as a group.
Noun phrase: ( often abbreviated to NP) convenient term for any of the following: noun – nominal group.
Modifiers: add to, change or limit the meaning of the head in a phrase.
Pronoun: type of pro-form, instead of using the nominal group " the old man" we can use the pronoun "he"
pro-form: forms used instead of other forms
personal pronouns:
subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
object pronouns: me, you, her, him, it us, them
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, hers, his, its ours, theirs.
Indefinite pronouns: everyone, someone, something
Pronominal group: we all, everyone in our class
Proper noun: the name of someone or something that is usually imagined to be unique.
Common noun: a name given either to an example of a class or to the class as a whole.
Animate nouns: refer to a person or animal.
Inanimate nouns: refer to a place, thing or an idea.
Count noun: can be preceded by "one" and may have a plural form. Such as "friends" and "men"
Mass nouns: cannot be preceded by "one" and do not have a plural form. Such as "bread" and "milk"
Collective noun: is a singular word used to refer to a group. "family" "team" "public"
Modifiers:
Pro-modifiers: are modifiers that come before the head.
Post-modifiers: are modifiers that come after the head.
Determiners: are words which specify the range of reference of a noun by making it definite or by indicating quantity
Identifiers: tell us either definitely of indefinitely which noun the speaker means. They include : article – demonstratives – Possessive forms or personal pronouns.
Quantifiers: tell us either definitely or indefinitely the quantity of the noun.
Verb phrase: consists sometimes of a finite verb only.
Simple verb: consists of one word. E.g. is, was, walked, sat, did
Complex verb: consists of a verbal group. E.g. have telephoned, were placed, did not like, could see
Finite verbs: show tense, person and number.
Non-finite verbs: does not show tense, person and number.
Form: is what the word/phrase/clause look like
Function: is the job of the word/phrase/clause in a sentence.
Complement: is a word/phrase/clause that completes the meaning of another word/phrase/clause. It is necessary for the meaning to be complete.
Appositive: a noun phrase that describes the same person or thing as another noun phrase that came before it.
Adjunct: is a word/phrase/clause that provides additional information about another noun/phrase/clause.
Adverbial: is a group of words that does the same job as an adverb.
Adjectives: are words which we use to describe people, things, events… etc.
Adjective phrases: are composed of an adjective which funtions as the head of the phrase), a modifier ( mostly an adverb), and a complement.
Gradable adjectives: are adjectives that express a condition or quality of which there are degrees.
Adverb: is a word like 'here', and 'quickly' which we can use to say where, when, and how something happens. It can also express other meanings like frequency, degree…. Etc.
Adverbial phrase: is a group of words that does the same job of an adverb.
Simple sentences: have only one clause,
Conjunctions: are words like "and", "or" and "but" which we use to connect grammatical unites/elements in a sentence.
Coordination: can link two or more words of the same word class.
Complex sentence: has two or more clauses joined by a subordinating conjunction
Main clause: ( also known as an independent clause ) is a clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Subordinate clause: ( also known as a dependent clause ) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
That-clauses: begins with " that "
Wh-clauses: begins with a wh-question word, e.g. what, who.
Direct speech: is quoting the actual words spoken by someone.
Indirect speech: is restating the words spoken by someone.
Relative clause: is a clause which mainly modifies a noun phrase. It usually begins with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which and that.