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حلمي كبير


بالنسبه لدكتور صلاح


صراحه كنت مفهيـــــــــــــــــه لابعد درجه :24_asmilies-com:


بس يوم سالت البنات ايش الشي الي قاعد يشرحه ع الشاشه قالوا انه يتكلم عن الايفل الي بالنوفل (الشر)



بس الكتاب الي كان ماسكه غريب عجيب مو التكست :(107):



الظاهر اننا خلصنا الروايه :biggrin:


بالنسبه لايش طلب

ماذكر انه طلب شي


وقال ان الدرجات الاسبوع الجاي <--- هذا طبعا بالنسبه لكلاسي يوم السبت



يوووو اذا انتي كلاسك يوم الثلاثاء يعني تسالين عن الاسبوع الي فات شطلب مو ايش اخذنا هالاسبوع :71:


اني واي متعيجزه امسح :(269): :biggrin:


نجي للانسه الجميله د. مها


انا كلاسي الاربعاء


وكانت تناقش بحوث


كان ودها تمشي بالتوبيكات


بس البنات كانوا يشاركون من نفسهم فخلت الموضوع عشوائي


الباقين قالت اتمنى تسونه المحاضرة الجايه


على كذا متى بتبدا بقودوت اجل :(107):


موفقه يا قمر :love080:

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حبايبي


الي مشتركين بتفريغ شعر لدكتورة حصه عند ام صالح



اتمنى انكم تعجلون بالدفع علشان افتك من هالمهمه :24_asmilies-com:



الي ما تعرفني او تعرفني بس صعبه تحصلني



تعطيني خبر هنا او بالرسايل الخاصه احسن



موفقين :love080:

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بنات الله يفتحها بوجهكم اللي تعرف اي شي مختصر عن ايليوت ترسله
الفزززززززعه قلبت شات بدايه خخخخخخ

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بنااات الله يسعدكم وش موضوع البحث اللي طلبه د/صلاح

لقرـروب الثلاثاء

الله يوفق اللي تررد ضرورري

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يقولون البنات ان اي كاركتر تبغينه تكلمي عنه او اي موضوع تخص الروايه مثلا الثيم او شخصيات المسرحيه تحللينها طبعا شخصيه وحده هذا الي سمعته انا حللت شخصيه من الشخصيات وبس :cheese:

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بيكون الاثنين الجاي ان شاء الله :mh001:

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الله يسعدك دنيآآ وآآخره

ويحقق مرآآدك

ويوفقك

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لا لا تطبعين روحي انتي للسكرتيره خذي سجلك الاكاديمي من عندهم وخليهم يفتحون لك بعد عشان تشوفين وش مشكلة الموقع معاك ~

موفقه :love080:

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امــــــــــــــــــــين يااااارب اجمعين ان شاء الله :106:

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يبغاه بكرا !
ولا كالعاده قبل اخر اسبوعين ؟

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الله يجزاك خير يا نوني ويوفقك :106:

ضروري نسوي هذا الشيء يعني ؟

مفروض هذي شغلتهم هم مو حنا :(177):

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معنا الفصل الخامس فقط ...موفقه :love080:

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بنااات نقد نجلا >>> اذا فيه احد سهران :24_asmilies-com:

شنوو جواب الادفانتج و الدس ادفانتج اوف هز كرتسسزم بالنسبة لـ ارنولد ؟؟ وش اكتب او كيف طريقة الجوااب :000:

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لا مو اجباري حبيبتي , ويمكن حتى ماتعطيكم هالشي هالمرة بما ان انتوا ما اختبرتوا وكذا
عموما جيبي لك شي من النت بارقراف صغير عنه واقريه واضمني درجتين

موفقة

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عسولة انتي انسانة جميلة جدا وتبردين القلب

الله يفتحها عليك :love080: :106:

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هي ملزمة لمسز بتول للعام

اسألي عن تاريخ اللغة سنة رابع

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+1

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ms.2012 الف شكر لك الله يفتحها بوجهك قولي آمين :love080:

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بنات في أحد يعرف جواب او عنده برزنتيشن عن english as prestigous langage
:Cry111:

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بنات الله يجزاكم خير
محد عنده محاضرات العربي كاملة ؟

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هههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههه ههههههههههههه
ههههههههههههههههههههههههههههه
:71::lllolll:
فديييييييييييييتك والله > موتتني ضحححححححححححك
>> يآسمجهم هالحريم الي ب الشات امانة بذمتكم والفزعة

:hhheeeart4:

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بليييييييز مي تو

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بنااااااااااااااات بليز ربي يفتحها عليكم اللي تعرف البرستيج لانقوج بليز والبروسس اوف بوروينق س2فقرهd
وهالاشياء يمكن تفيدكم
واش تتوقعون راح يجي والله مو قادره انام من الهم:Cry111:
Anglo-Saxon is a term used by historians to designate the Germanic tribes who invaded and settled the south and east of Great Britain beginning in the early 5th century AD, and the period from their creation of the English nation to the Norman conquest
The history of Anglo-Saxon England broadly covers early medieval England from the end of Roman rule and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Conquest by the Normans in 1066.
Origins (AD 400–600)Further information: Anglo-Saxon migration and Ingaevones
Migration of Germanic peoples to Britain from what is now northern Germany, the northern part of the Netherlands and southern Scandinavia is attested from the 5th century (e.g. Undley bracteate). Based on Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, the intruding population is traditionally divided into Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, but their composition was likely less clear-cut and may also have included Frisians and Franks. Also, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains text that may be the first recorded indications of the movement of these Germanic tribes to Britain.
LanguageMain article: Old English
Old English, sometimes called Anglo-Saxon, was the language spoken under Alfred the Great and continued to be the common language of England (non-Danelaw) until after the Norman Conquest of 1066 when, under the influence of the Anglo-Norman language spoken by the Norman ruling class, it changed into Middle English roughly between 1150–1500.
Old English is far closer to early Germanic than Middle English. It is less Latinised and retains many morphological features (nominal and verbal inflection) that were lost during the 12th to 14th centuries. The languages today which are closest to Old English are the Frisian languages, which are spoken by a few hundred thousand people in the northern part of Germany and the Netherlands.
Before literacy in the vernacular Old English or Latin became widespread, a runic alphabet, the futhorc, was used for inscriptions. When literacy became more prevalent, a form of Latin script was used with a couple of letters derived from the futhorc: 'thorn' ‹&thorn;› and 'wynn' ‹ƿ› (generally replaced with ‹w› in modern reproductions).
Germanic
are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Indo-European Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
Language: East Germanic languages
The East Germanic languages are contrasted with North and West Germanic. However, the East Germanic languages shared many characteristics with North Germanic, perhaps because of the later migration date.
All the East Germanic languages are extinct as living languages. However, there have been recent attempts by Germanic tribal polytheists to reconstruct a form of neo-Gothic as a common community language.[citation needed] This is primarily based on the academic publications of a small number of scholars who have studied what remains of the written records of the Gothic dialects within Italia, the Iberian peninsula, and old Anatolia.

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prestigous language

اللي فهمتها إن

english ues allover the world
& u can say
that it is the language of books , newspaper , literature
the language of internet
language of science

ومن هالاشياء

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الله يعافيكم بنات محد عنده عربي ؟؟

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بناااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااات اشفيكممممممممممممم محد يررد
تكفووووون ابي محاضرة المقالةالذاتيه والموضوعيه
بليييييييييييييييييييييز الله يفرج عليكمممممممممم:Cry111::Cry111:

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عندي محاضرة العربي

بس مخربشة ومخططه ينفع ..؟

:biggrin:

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اي شي ينفع الله يجزاج خير

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بالنسبة

للباروينق بروسس هذا الشي انا بقراه وبختصره بأسلوبي


Major Periods of Borrowing Close this window
Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language (the source language). A loanword can also be called a borrowing. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. "Loan" and "borrowing" are of course metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one language to another, and no "returning" words to the source language. The words simply come to be used by a speech community that speaks a different language from the one these words originated in.

Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community. For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.

The actual process of borrowing is complex and involves many usage events (i.e. instances of use of the new word). Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language know the source language too, or at least enough of it to utilize the relevant word. They (often consciously) adopt the new word when speaking the borrowing language, because it most exactly fits the idea they are trying to express. If they are bilingual in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the same or similar to the way they are pronounced in the source language. For example, English speakers adopted the word garage from French, at first with a pronunciation nearer to the French pronunciation than is now usually found. Presumably the very first speakers who used the word in English knew at least some French and heard the word used by French speakers, in a French-speaking context.

Those who first use the new word might use it at first only with speakers of the source language who know the word, but at some point they come to use the word with those to whom the word was not previously known. To these speakers the word may sound 'foreign'. At this stage, when most speakers do not know the word and if they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English such as bon vivant (French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Fahrvergnuegen (German).

However, in time more speakers can become familiar with a new foreign word or expression. The community of users of this word can grow to the point where even people who know little or nothing of the source language understand, and even use, the novel word themselves. The new word becomes conventionalized: part of the conventional ways of speaking in the borrowing language. At this point we call it a borrowing or loanword.

(It should be noted that not all foreign words do become loanwords; if they fall out of use before they become widespread, they do not reach the loanword stage.)

Conventionalization is a gradual process in which a word progressively permeates a larger and larger speech community, becoming part of ever more people's linguistic repetoire. As part of its becoming more familiar to more people, a newly borrowed word gradually adopts sound and other characteristics of the borrowing language as speakers who do not know the source language accommodate it to their own linguistic systems. In time, people in the borrowing community do not perceive the word as a loanword at all. Generally, the longer a borrowed word has been in the language, and the more frequently it is used, the more it resembles the native words of the language.

English has gone through many periods in which large numbers of words from a particular language were borrowed. These periods coincide with times of major cultural contact between English speakers and those speaking other languages. The waves of borrowing during periods of especially strong cultural contacts are not sharply delimited, and can overlap. For example, the Norse influence on English began already in the 8th century A.D. and continued strongly well after the Norman Conquest brought a large influx of Norman French to the language.

It is part of the cultural history of English speakers that they have always adopted loanwords from the languages of whatever cultures they have come in contact with. There have been few periods when borrowing became unfashionable, and there has never been a national academy in Britain, the U.S., or other English-speaking countries to attempt to restrict new loanwords, as there has been in many continental European countries.


وحطوا اكزامبل
تحصلونها من الهاند اوت حقتها او من هذا السورس
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Word.../borrowed.html

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لحظه بس اسوي سكان وارفعهم :smile:

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تفضلوا محاضرة العربي المقاله الذاتيه والموضوعيه

رفعتهم ع الرابط

http://arabsh.com/zzp9fas5136k.html

دعواتكم عزيزاتي :119:

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مشكووووووووووووووووووورة فالج الــ a+
الله يعطيج العافية

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بنات درس انواع المقاله الذاتيه والموضوعيه اي محاضره كم رقمها !!!

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Where did they come from? What we do know is that the people we call Celts gradually infiltrated Britain over the course of the centuries between about 500 and 100 B.C. There was probably never an organized Celtic invasion; for one thing the Celts were so fragmented and given to fighting among themselves that the idea of a concerted invasion would have been ludicrous.
The Celts were a group of peoples loosely tied by similar language, religion, and cultural expression. They were not centrally governed, and quite as happy to fight each other as any non-Celt. They were warriors, living for the glories of battle and plunder. They were also the people who brought iron working to the British Isles.
Celtic was "alien" to the Anglo-Saxon language, hence it was a question of one language dominating over the other, with a mixed language being an unlikely outcome
Many Celtic people fled England, and those that remained were in no position to preserve their language or culture
Celtic was stigmatised by the Anglo-Saxons over a prolonged period of time, thus strongly encouraging the Britons to abandon their old language and to wholly embrace the language of the invaders
. Celtic lands were owned communally, and wealth seems to have been based largely on the size of cattle herd owned. The lot of women was a good deal better than in most societies of that time. They were technically equal to men, owned property, and could choose their own husbands. They could also be war leaders, as Boudicca (Boadicea) later proved.
The Celts were a warrior culture. Fighters were admired like heroes and courage in the battleground was an important virtue. The Celtic elite fighters functioned as models, which should inspire other warriors by their courage.

The Celts cut off the heads of killed enemies and collected them. It was considered a spiritual gesture, which often also appears in other cultures. The head was valued by the Celts as the seat of life, emotions and the soul. He who had captured a head attained the strength of the fallen enemy. Such trophies were bound to their horse or fastened to their belts, a practice that also served to cause fear in their enemies.

One of the main motivations of Celtic warriors was the pursuit of glory and to this end the Celts loved exhibition when in battle. Thus there are legends of a Celtic ruler who drove a silver chariot into battle. Naturally silver is very soft and rather unsuitable for a chariot, but the hostile war bands took to flight at the sight of it. Warriors often painted themselves with woed, a blue die, or used war cries in order to intimidate their enemies. Celtic warriors would also wear horned helmets or helmets topped with horse tails into the battle to intimidate their enemies and make themselves appear taller. A helmet was found crowned with a metal raven. When the wearer ran the metal wings of the raven would flap and strike the helm. This is an allusion on the Celtic mythology in which the death goddess gets the souls of the fallen warriors in shape of a raven.
The Celts lived in huts of arched timber with walls of wicker and roofs of thatch. The huts were generally gathered in loose hamlets. In several places each tribe had its own coinage system.
Religion. From what we know of the Celts from Roman commentators, who are, remember, witnesses with an axe to grind, they held many of their religious ceremonies in woodland groves and near sacred water, such as wells and springs. The Romans speak of human sacrifice as being a part of Celtic religion. One thing we do know, the Celts revered human heads.

Celtic warriors would cut off the heads of their enemies in battle and display them as trophies. They mounted heads in doorposts and hung them from their belts. This might seem barbaric to us, but to the Celt the seat of spiritual power was the head, so by taking the head of a vanquished foe they were appropriating that power for themselves. It was a kind of bloody religious observance.

The Iron Age is when we first find cemeteries of ordinary people’s burials (in hole-in-the-ground graves) as opposed to the elaborate barrows of the elite few that provide our main records of burials in earlier periods.

The Celts at War. The Celts loved war. If one wasn't happening they'd be sure to start one. They were scrappers from the word go. They arrayed themselves as fiercely as possible, sometimes charging into battle fully naked, dyed blue from head to toe, and screaming like banshees to terrify their enemies.

They took tremendous pride in their appearance in battle, if we can judge by the elaborately embellished weapons and paraphernalia they used. Golden shields and breastplates shared pride of place with ornamented helmets and trumpets.

The Celts were great users of light chariots in warfare. From this chariot, drawn by two horses, they would throw spears at an enemy before dismounting to have a go with heavy slashing swords. They also had a habit of dragging families and baggage along to their battles, forming a great milling mass of encumbrances, which sometimes cost them a victory, as Queen Boudicca would later discover to her dismay.

As mentioned, they beheaded their opponents in battle and it was considered a sign of prowess and social standing to have a goodly number of heads to display.

The main problem with the Celts was that they couldn't stop fighting among themselves long enough to put up a unified front. Each tribe was out for itself, and in the long run this cost them control of Britain.


جواب السوال الاول هي قالت اهم شي نتكلم عن من وين جو السيلتس وكيف اثرو على اللغه الانجليزيه كيف وضع الوومن عندهم وانهم كانو محاربين ويعيشون في سبريتد رووتس وكيف اثروو على الحضارات الثاني

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شفتي الفيرب الاول يقول نفس الشي سويه مع الكلمه الفيرب ستارف عليه اساله طبقيها على كلمة هازارد فهمتي؟

يارب فهمتي لأن اللاب توب متنح مايكتب إنجليزي:biggrin:

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english is indo-european language ?
وش الجواب :g2:

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اللي تسال عن بحث النثر
تسليمه الاسبوع الجااي

مووفقه

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بنآآآت

الساعه كم آختبار الهستوري بكررهـ ...!

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يسعدكم ربي يا بنات...اللي تعرف اجابة السؤال السابع بتاريخ اللغة ترد عليا اللي هوا تبع lingustic change ردوا ضروري الله يوفق اللي ترد وتفك ازمة ..............اول مرا اطلب منكم عاد ساعدوني:sdfgdsf:

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من هون ..

http://www.ckfu.org/vb/4994285-post2922.html:106:

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يعني ..
هل تغير المعنى اللي الحين عن المعنى الاصلي .. فقط تقولين يس او نو ..


:106:

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يسلموووو نونه...
انا فاهمه المعنى..
بس اقصد كيف اعرف اذا تغيرت او لا
علشان اقدر اقول يس او نو ؟؟:biggrin:

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الساعه 8

موفقييييييييييييين بنات :106:

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عندي كاتبه عليها المحاضره 5

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اممممممممممم تشوفين معناها بالاولد انجلش .. مع المعنى الحالي ..
اتذكر ان اغلبهم ماتغير. بس اللورد هو اللي تغير معناه .. اي قس سو ..:cheese:

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تتوقعون بتجي التعاريف اللي سؤال رقم 12 :71:

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بنااااات تاريخ اللغه مع الدكتور ...

تسليم الواجب مافي
فرصه للاسبوع الجاي...؟؟؟!!

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As a member of the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, English is closely related to German, Dutch, and Afrikaans, among others, and also has strong ties to the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian) which belong to the North Germanic branch of the same family. When speakers of those languages learn English, or vice-versa, they will discover a certain number of cognate words that reflect their shared origins.

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مرحبا صبايـــــــا ... بغيت أسألكم عن واجب تاريخ اللغه الدكتور لمن قال هالسؤال :


2)Look at the following words and answer the question that follow:
bath finger lord child
food month sword beat
eat sleep drink
هل يقصد المعنى الأصلي من الدكشنري >>>>a) What was the original meaning of each word?
وهذا شلون نعرف إن المعنى ماتغير ..يعني لو (شكل ) الكلمه ماتغير بيكون المعنى ماتغير :24_asmilies-com:<<<b)Has the meaning being kept(retained)?

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بالتوفيق بنات بتاريخ اللغه

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الجواب هو صفحة خمسه في الملزمة اللي من مكتبة فجر
تعرفين اكسامبلز على role of fashion?????///////////////
انا بعدي أحوس في prestigous language

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بنات..شنو اسم المسرحيه الثانيه اللي قالت سميره نقراها؟؟

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حبيبتي لا والله ما اعرف ولا كان ساعدتك......مشكورة ع الرد وربي يوفقنا اجمعين

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ايه يقصد معناها من الدكشنري .. او معناها بتعريفك انتي ..

لا مو اذا تغير شكل الكلمه .. لانه التغير فيي الشكل مو نفس التغير في المعنى ..
بس اذا تغير المعنى كليا .. زي.. لورد.. معناها نوبل مان .. ومن اول كان معناها بريد كيبر.. صانع الخبز. يعني تغير المعنى ..

ان شا الله فهمتي :106:

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waiting for godot


:106:

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يا عسل خلصي المذاكره بعدين ندور اكزامبلس واذا لقيت شي طياره حاحطو هنا اوكي لاتشيلي هم:oao:

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:love080:تسلمييييييييييييييييييييييييين:love080:

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بنات الي تلقى شي عن prestigious language لاتبخل علينا:biggrin:

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يب يب :119: ثآنكــــــس حبيبتي نونه :(204):
الله يوفقك يارب :love080::love080::love080:

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الله يسسلمك من كل شر :106:

قود الحمدلله :wink:

امييييييييين اجمعين يارب .. :love080:

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بنات ماتدرون كيف بتكون طريقة الاسئلة؟

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no


:g2::mh12:

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اي اتوقع ضروري انا عن نفسي للحين مارحت ماعندي وقت من هالمحاضرات ان شاء الله اروح لهم بكره وهم يسونكذا زيادة حرص ويتاكدون من معلوماتك ففرصه تتاكدين من وضعك بعد


GOOD LUCK:love080:

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بليييييييييييييييييييييييز:mh12:

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بنات بلييز اللي تعرف جواب السؤال الاخير رقم 14 حق الاكزامبلز ياليت تقول كيف الجوااب
بليييييييييييز :mh12:

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الله يوفقكم ويسهل عليكم اختباركم يارب..

ان شا الله تجيب الاسئله السهله لكم ..

:106:

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“Borrowing” words from other languages is one of the most common processes of forming and adding new words. English has borrowed extensively from other languages, especially French, Latin, and Greek; other languages also include German, Japanese, Chinese, and so forth.
Each language has its own unique features, for example, its own grammatical and phonetic systems; thus, when words are borrowed into another language, they have to undergo certain changes in order to fit into the new language system.
Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community. For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.
Causes and means of borrowings into English:

• Historically, on the one hand, English shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures; Also, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin, French, some through other Romance languages, such as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.
The influence of foreign languages on the English language has been the result of the succession of invaders who came into contact with the English people during the Middle Ages, on the one hand. On the other hand, invasions and trade by the English themselves have carried English to most parts of the world, and at the same time brought many words from foreign languages into English.
Socially, as the world develops so does the English language. Especially in the twentieth century, owing to the rapid development of the modern mass media, the international and cultural exchange and information, a great number of borrowed words have come into English. They have become a component part of the English vocabulary to satisfy needs of society through conquest, commerce, travel, literature, mass media, i.e. newspaper, radio-broadcast, television and many other ways. In other words, loan words have come into English through the spoken word.
Ways of borrowing
What gets obvious here is a very basic distinction that can be made between borrowings. Direct borrowing is when a language takes over a term directly from another language. The English word omelette is an example for direct borrowing because it has been taken over from French (French: omelette) directly, without any major phonological or orthographical changes. In contrast to that, indirect borrowing takes place when a certain word is passed on from the source language to another (as a direct borrowing), and then from that language is handed over to another and from this one maybe even to another. This process may go hand in hand with the development that the word, each time it is passed on from one language to another, is adjusted phonologically/orthographically to make it fit to the phonological/ orthographical system of the recipient language . The Turkish word kahveh has been passed on to Arabic as kahva, from there the Dutch borrowed it as koffie and finally it was taken over by the English in the form coffee . In this context, Katamba reminds us that there is danger of misunderstandings or alternations in the meaning, the more indirect a term is borrowed. In English there exists the term howitzer (‘light gun’). It entered the language from Dutch and they had borrowed it from the Czech original houfnice which means ‘catapult’ .
Kinds of borrowing
To complicate matters even further, there is another distinction between the kinds of
borrowings, i.e. the distinction between loanwords and loanshifts. Most of the examples
discussed before are loanwords. That means, they have been imported/ adopted from another language, either directly or indirectly, and might have undergone phonological/ orthographical changes.
Loan shifts (= loan translations/ calques) on the other side are formed in a quite different way. Here the borrowing is done by translating the vocabulary item or rather its meaning into the receiving language. Such a loanshift is the German word Übermensch which has been
translated into English as Superman. Moreover, the term loanword itself is a loan translation from the German Lehnwort
Generally, it has to be remarked that the borrowing of a word into another language is always a gradual process which takes quite some time. This gradual might even lead to the result that foreign words which are borrowed become ‘nativised’, in the case of English then ‘anglicised’. Thus, they then become indistinguishable from indigenous English terms or as Jespersen has put it so nicely, with a quotation full of Norse loan words which a native speaker of English
would not detect as foreign elements: “An Englishman cannot thrive or die or be ill without Scandinavian words; they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare”
Major Periods of Borrowing in the History of English..
1.Germanic period

anchor , kitchen , church ,dish .
2.Old English Period (600-1100)
Latin
emperor , city , circle
Celtic
(few ordinary words, but thousands of place and river names: London,
Devon, Dover, Cornwall, Thames, Avon...)
3. Middle English Period (1100-1500)
Scandinavian
Most of these first appeared in the written language in Middle English; but many were no doubt borrowed earlier, during the period of the Danelaw (9th-10th centuries).
anger, cake, call, clumsy, egg
French
*Law and government—chancellor, country, court, crime, evidence.
*Church— clergy, prayer, priest, religion.
*Nobility—baron, count, duke, noble, royal .
*Military—army, battle, captain, company.
*Culture and luxury goods—art, dance, diamond, fashion, painting.
*Other—adventure, change, charge, chart, courage.
Sometimes it's hard to tell whether a given word came from French or whether it was taken straight from Latin. Words for which this difficulty occurs are those in which there were no special sound and/or spelling changes of the sort that distinguished French from Latin.
IV. Early Modern English Period (1500-1650)
The effects of the Renaissance begin to be seriously felt in England. We see the beginnings of a huge influx of Latin and Greek words, many of them learned words imported by scholars well versed in those languages. But many are borrowings from other languages, as words from European high culture begin to make their presence felt and the first words come in from the earliest period of colonial expansion.
Latin
anatomy, area, disc/disk, expensive,
Greek
(many of these via Latin)
anonymous, atmosphere, catastrophe, climax, comedy, critic,
data,
Arabic via Spanish
algebra, algorithm, alchemy,
Arabic via other Romance languages:
orange, sugar, zero, coffee
V. Modern English (1650-present)
About 1650 was the start of major colonial expansion, industrial/technological revolution, and significant American immigration. Words from all over the world begin to pour in during this period. Also, the tendency for specialists to borrow words from Latin and Greek, including creating new words out of Latin and Greek word elements, continues from the last period and also increases with the development of science, technology, and other fields.
Words from European languages
French
French continues to be the largest single source of new words outside of very specialized vocabulary domains (scientific/technical vocabulary, still dominated by classical borrowings).
High culture
champagne, chic, rouge
War and Military
brigade, cavalry,infantry,
Spanish
armada, alligator,guitar.

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^ تحت الاكزامبلز..

بنآت اللي عندهآ اجآبة تنحفظ للسكاندنافيان والجرمانيك..
بلييز تحطهآ هنآ..

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بناات اللي مع د/سمييره دراما

لاززم بككره نشوف حل للامتحان

لازم تنزل متيرال نذاكر منه م يصير كذا نذاكر عششوائي للماده

لازم كلنا نكلمها بكره

ع الاقل تخصص المحاضره بكره ع هالشئ

:icon9::000:

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:33_asmilies-com: اي ترى هي جديده ماتعرف وش انظمتنا على بالها زي الدول الخارجيه نذاكر من كل مكان ونروح مكاتب نقرا ونطلع من مخنا :cheese: ماتدري اننا عصافير بريئه لازم يكون عندهم منهج يحفظون منه :cheese: ونقولها تحدد لنا كوتيشنات بعد :cheese:

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الله يوفقك ياارب ويسهل لك كل خطووة قدامك:love080:

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بنااات شنو حل سوال 10 بليز

والي تسال عن برستيج لانقوج هي تحصلينها جزء برول فشن والثاني ب صفحه 7 اخر برقرااف

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راح تلقين الاجابه بال racial factor+influence of other language..

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بنات لما كانت تحل معنا الاساله الدكتوره هدى قالت انه
the major factor of spread the English language
1_British colonization or British occupation
2_technology spread the language
for example computer software all the world are connected to the web
واعطت مثال ماليزيا استخدمت الانقلش في التعليم في المدارس فقط للعلم واستخدمت التكنولجي


اتووقع انه هذا اجابت English is prestigious language


والله اعلم :(269):

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Germanic tribes
During the third and fourth centuries, there were large migrations of land-hungry Germans southward and westward onto the Rhine-Danube Frontier. The basic Germanic political structure was the tribe, headed by a chief who was elected for his ability as a war leader. It was these tribes that resulted in Rome's losing control of the great frontier. The Roman and Germanic cultures greatly clashed. The Germanic religion was polytheistic, their society was a warrior aristocracy, and finally their societal structure was a mobile one. By 370 A.D., the tribe had become nations led by warrior kings. It was at this time that the Huns swept out of central Asia westward until they encountered two Germanic nations of Visigoths and Ostrogoths. This was the spark of many years of invasions and warfare that provoked the downfall of the Roman-controlled frontier. The following information describes some of the Germanic tribes such as Franks, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Burgundians, Angles, Saxons,Ostrogoths, Vandals and Lombards.
Scandinavians
The Scandinavians (usually termed Norsemen in pre-12th century contexts), are aGermanic ethnic group, inhabiting Scandinavia, who speak the Scandinavian languages. The group includes Danes, Norwegians and Swedes, and additionally the descendants of Norse settlers such as the Icelandic and Faroese people. A Scandinavian minority is also found in Finland, and descendants of Scandinavians are found in large numbers in the United States (which has the largest Scandinavian population worldwide). Until the 9th century, the Norse people lived in small petty kingdoms and chiefdoms, which were then unified into the three kingdoms known asDenmark, Norway and Sweden. Formerly adherents of Norse mythology, a subset ofGermanic paganism, Christianity was adopted between the 8th and the 12th centuries.
The Scandinavian countries share a mutually intelligible dialect continuum and close cultural and historical bonds. The Faroese and Icelandic languages are mutually intelligible to some extent with one another as well as with the Old Norse language and some Western Norwegian dialects (Nynorsk

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بنات هذا جواب شنو ؟؟

كتبها رنوومه الله يوفقها بس ماعرفت حق ايش ..

+

احد يعرف جواب للبريف كومنت a-b-c و س 8 ؟؟.

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هذا للبورونق.
اختصريه بمفهومك..
سؤال 8..بملزمة بتول ص6..

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الله يفتحهآ بوجهك..
وييسرلك أمورك..

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من 8 إلى 9

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يارب وفق كل البنات يارب تسهل الامتحان على الجميع وتكون الاسئله سهله

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امييييييييييييييييييييين يارب :love080:

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شتا عمري حل السؤال العاشر في ملزمة مسز بتول ص6<< اتمنى اكون افدتك ودعواتك

انشا الله ما اكون تلقيفت وجاوبتك وانتي تسالي على مادة تانيه

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ترا الجرمانيك+الاسكندنافيان ترايبس موجوده في ملزمتها واسلوبها سهل وتنحفظ بسرعه يعني لا تتعبوا اعماركم وتدورن برا:biggrin:

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:lllolll: مع نفسي
بقا ليا سؤال البرستيجس لانقوج انقذوووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووووني:icon9: من العصر وانا افحط ابغا انام تكفون يا بنات العرب

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صفحه كم هيدا الحكي ؟ :cheese:

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مي توووووووووووو :000:

ما عندي اكثر من اللي حطوه البنات

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اللي تسأل ترا الاجابه في ملزمة دكتورة هدى القصبي ص 9+36+62

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+ص20:119:

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البريستيجس لانقوج تقريبا اجابتها في نفس الملزمة ص 18<<ابي احد يأكد لي بليييز ابي انام وبالي مرتاح

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http://books.google.com.sa/books?id=...guages&f=false
تقدرين تاخذين معلومات من هذا الرابط,وبعد قالت كيف انو الابر كلاس كانوا يتكلمون الفرنسيه وقبلها كانت اللاتينيه في بريطانيا,وانو الان الانجليزيه هي اللغه البريستيجيه للعالم مع انتشار التكنلوجيا والاختراعات من عندهم,وكيف لما اثنين يتقابلون ولا واحد يعرف لغة الثانيه بس يتكلمون بهاللغه عشان يتواصلون.
هذا اللي عندي وضيفي من عندك كمان,
موفقين

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ربي يوفقك هوب