مذاكرة جماعية تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! - الصفحة 4 - ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك فيصل,جامعة الدمام

عبقريينو · 2015- 5- 8

هل التواريييخ معننا او لا ي لييت احد يفيدني

JUST--ME · 2015- 5- 8

Aristotle defines plot as “the arrangement of the incidents.” He is not talking about the story itself but the way the incidents are presented to the audience, the structure of the play

مهمةةةة

المحاضرة ال 4

JUST--ME · 2015- 5- 8

اقتباس:

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة ندى العالم

توني أخلص محاضرة 3

يارب سهلها
ملخص إنصاف ممتاز كمراجعة وتثبيت معلومات بعد الإنتهاء من المحتوى

يا الاهي هالمحاضرة ما اكرهااا يوم كامل بس بالمحاضرة الثالثة ...

يلا انا سابقتك ب محاضرة بس انا في بداية الخامسة

JUST--ME · 2015- 5- 8

اقتباس:

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة عبقريينو

هل التواريييخ معننا او لا ي لييت احد يفيدني

عبقريينوووو .. والله على حسب علمي الدكتور ما قال شي ولا حذف شي بس الاكيد ان القرون مهمة واهم التطورات الي صارت فيها

ندى العالم · 2015- 5- 8

ملخص المحاضرة الأولى

- Because European and Western literature and cultures were produced as a
recreation, a revival of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome.
- education, politics, fashion, architecture, painting,Sculptures were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome).
- Roman poet Horace writes: “Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive”
- Horace expresses a sense of inferiority and ambivalence because Rome conquered Greece politically and militarily but Rome could never produce a refined culture
- find this sense of ambivalence and inferiority everywhere in Roman
- The Romans conquered Greece militarily, but they always felt that the culture of Greece remained infinitely more sophisticated and refined in poetry, in philosophy, in rhetoric, in medicine, in architecture, in painting, in manners and in refinement
- Education in Rome consisted simply in IMITATING Greek masterpieces in literature, rhetoric, painting, etc. Horace, for example, advised his readers to simply imitate the Greeks and never try to invent anything themselves because their inventions will be weak and unattractive
- Imitation cannot produce originality. As Seneca puts it with bitterness, “a man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking by Seneca.
- The Romans were a simple rural and uncultivated people who became successful warriors

ندى العالم · 2015- 5- 8

Lecture 2

- The only written language was Latin and people who could read Greek, like Erasmus
- The logic was this: Great empires needed great literature, just like the Romans and the Greeks had.
- the study of classical learning, literature and criticism all emerged with the purpose of giving the emerging European states written and “civilized” languages comparable to those of Rome and Greece.
- Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories like they were national monuments
- European writers called for the “imitation of the classics.

Imitation doesn’t lead to Originality :

- In Rome, imitation led to frustration and produced a plagiaristic culture. Europeans simply ignored these complications. The desire to produce poetic monuments to go with their political and military power was more important.
- As long as imitation produced “textual monuments” in the form of books, poems and plays, European writers were happy with it.
- Europeans thought that they were imitating the classical cultures of Greece and Rome. In reality they imitated mostly the Romans. Very few Greek texts were available in Europe before the 19th century . European classicism, for example, always claimed to be based on the ideas of Aristotle
- European classicism, for example, always claimed to be based on the ideas of Aristotle, but research shows that they knew very little of Aristotle’s work.
- “A first hand knowledge of Aristotle, even in translation, seem to have been exceptional: Walpole mentions him five times in his letters – usually coupled with Bossu and the ‘Rules’; and Cowper, at the age of fifty-three, had ‘never in his life perused a page of Aristotle.’ The Poetics were mush reverenced, but little read.”
- European writers knew Greek works “only… through the praise of (Roman) Latin authors.”

ندى العالم · 2015- 5- 8

Lecture 3

- Greek thought influenced, in one way or another, every single literary form that developed in Europe and the West, but the differences between the two cultures remain significant.
- Plato’s most important contributions to criticism appear in his famous dialogue the Republic. Two main ideas appear in this dialogue that have had a lasting influence
- Plato makes the very important distinction between Mimesis and Diagesis, two concepts that remain very important to analyse literature even today
- Drama with characters is usually a mimesis; stories in the third person are usually a diegesis

Mimesis-Diegesis (imitation-narration)

- Plato was the first to explain that narration or story telling (in Arabic al-sard) can proceed by narration or by imitation

Book X of the Republic

- This is Plato’s famous decision in Book X of the Republic to ban poets and poetry from the city
- Western cultures have always claimed that their practice of literature and art are based on Greek antiquity

Oral Society

- “The Greek term for Art and its Latin equivalent (ars) do not specifically denote the “fine arts” in the modern sense, but were applied to all kinds of human activities which we would call crafts or sciences.”
- The Western institution of “Fine Arts” or “les Beaux Arts” or Aesthetics”, as a system that includes on the basis of common characteristics those human activities [painting, architecture, sculpture, music and poetry] and separates them from the crafts and the sciences, are all products of the mid eighteenth century:

Arts is an 18th Century Invention

- The basic notion that the five “major arts” [painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry]
- that Plato does not use the words “literature” or “art.” He uses the word “poetry.”
- They poet could be a tragedian like Sophocles or Euripides
- The poet that Plato describes in the Republic, as Eric Havelock shows, is a poet, a performer and an educator. The poetry that Plato talks about was main source of knowledge in the society.
- It is only in an oral society that poetry becomes the most principal source of knowledge and education
- Because poetry uses rhyme, meter and harmony and those make language easy to remember (like proverbs are easy to remember)

Poetry Cripples the Mind >>>

- Plato accuses the poetic experience of his time of conditioning the citizens to imitate and repeat, uncritically, the values of a tradition without grasping it.
- The citizens, Plato says, are trained to imitate passively the already poor imitations provided by the discourse of poetry.
- The poet is only good at song-making. His knowledge of the things he sings about like courage, honour, war, peace, government, education, etc., is superficial. He only knows enough about them to make his song.
- The poet produces only a poor copy of the things he sings about, and those who listen to him and believe him acquire a poor education.
- Poetry excites the senses and neutralizes the brain and the thinking faculties. It produces docile and passive imitators.
- Plato blames the traditional education given to the youth. It does not meet the standards of justice and virtue. Then he blames the parents and teachers as accomplices. If parents and tutors tell their children to be just, it is "for the sake of character and reputation, in the hope of obtaining for him who is reputed just some of those offices, marriages and the like"
- People are encourage to 'seem' just rather than 'be' just. And the authorities to whom people appeal for these views are, of course, the poets. Homer, Masaeus and Orpheus are all cited for illustration.
3

- It would be fine, he says, if people just laughed at these tales and stories, but the problem is that they take them seriously as a source of education and law.
- How are people’s minds going to be affected, he asks, by the poetic discourse to which they are exposed night and day, in private and in public, in weddings and funerals, in war and in peace?
- What is the impact especially on those who are young, “quick-witted, and, like bees on the wing, light on every flower?”
- How are they going to deal with this dubious educational material poured into their minds? They are “prone to draw conclusions,

_________________________________________________

- Plato saw the poet as a big danger to his society.

The Colors of Poetry: Rhythm, Harmony and Measures

- Plato analyses two aspects of poetry to prove his point: style and content.
-

Style: Plato observes that the charm of poetry and its power reside in its rhythm, harmony, and measures. These are what he calls the ‘colours’ of poetry.

Seeming Vs. Being

Poetry creates a culture of superficiality. People want only to “seem” just rather than “be” just

ندى العالم · 2015- 5- 8

النقد الأدبي

الواجب الأول

Which poet said: “A man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking”?

Seneca

-

Who was the first philosopher/critic to make the distinction between Mimesis and Diegesis?

Plato

-

Aristotle says that a good tragedy must have:

Six parts

-

الواجب الثاني

“Defamiliarization” or “The Making Strange” is a technique that became famous among:

Russian Formalists.

-

Russian Formalists had an ambition to:

To establish an autonomous science of literature

-

According to Roman Jackobson, “the subject of literary science is not literature, but…

literariness

-

الواجب الثالث

In literary criticism, Structuralism…

Continued the work that was done before by Russian Formalism

-

According to structuralist critics, literary criticism should focus exclusively on:

The text

-

Structuralism tries to analyze literature from:

A scientific point of view

-

The Actantial Model was developed by:

A.J. Greimas

ندى العالم · 2015- 5- 8

المحاضره الثالثه

أفلاطون. كان نقده مؤثر جدا extremely influential
وأسيء فهمه جدا extremely misunderstood
أفلاطون كتب حوارات dialogue في كل أشعاره
كان أفلاطون مهوس obsessed بالشعر طول حياته لكن الأدباء والنقاد الغربيين في عصرنا الحاضر ماهم عارفين شنو سبب هوسه بالشعر
بعض النقاد حبوه وبعضهم كرهوه لكن كلهم احترموه

ندى العالم · 2015- 5- 8

اهم مساهمات (contribution) أفلاطون في النقد كانت في حواره الشهير الجهورية (republic) حيث كانت فيه فكرتين رأسيتين اثرت ع النقد تأثير واضح
أفلاطون في كتابه الثالت من الجمهورية (republic) وضع الفروقات الرأسييه بين المحاكاة (mimesise) والسرد (diagesis)
* السرد أني أقولك قصه عن واحد بضمير الغائب فلان ذهب وفعل وترك .... هنا قاعده اسرد عليك حكايه narration diagesis
* المحاكاة اذا كنت أقول عن نفسي انا رحت وفعلت والخ هنا انا قاعده احاكي القصه mimesise
الشخصيات الي بالمسرحيه غالبا تكون محاكاه اما القصص ف الأغلب فيها هو السرد

2015- 5- 8	#31
عبقريينو أكـاديـمـي فـعّـال الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 109799 تاريخ التسجيل: Mon May 2012 المشاركات: 309 الـجنــس : ذكــر عدد الـنقـاط : 2176 مؤشر المستوى: 54 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: كليه الاداب الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: لغه آنجليزي المستوى: المستوى السادس	رد: تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! هل التواريييخ معننا او لا ي لييت احد يفيدني

2015- 5- 8	#32
JUST--ME أكـاديـمـي نــشـط الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 178710 تاريخ التسجيل: Sat Jan 2014 المشاركات: 133 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 20739 مؤشر المستوى: 63 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: College English literature الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: English literature المستوى: المستوى الثامن	رد: تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! Aristotle defines plot as “the arrangement of the incidents.” He is not talking about the story itself but the way the incidents are presented to the audience, the structure of the play مهمةةةة المحاضرة ال 4

2015- 5- 8	#35
ندى العالم أكـاديـمـي مـشـارك الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 92969 تاريخ التسجيل: Tue Nov 2011 المشاركات: 2,283 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 4174 مؤشر المستوى: 77 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: جامعة فيصل الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: English language المستوى: خريج جامعي	رد: تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! ملخص المحاضرة الأولى - Because European and Western literature and cultures were produced as a recreation, a revival of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome. - education, politics, fashion, architecture, painting,Sculptures were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome). - Roman poet Horace writes: “Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive” - Horace expresses a sense of inferiority and ambivalence because Rome conquered Greece politically and militarily but Rome could never produce a refined culture - find this sense of ambivalence and inferiority everywhere in Roman - The Romans conquered Greece militarily, but they always felt that the culture of Greece remained infinitely more sophisticated and refined in poetry, in philosophy, in rhetoric, in medicine, in architecture, in painting, in manners and in refinement - Education in Rome consisted simply in IMITATING Greek masterpieces in literature, rhetoric, painting, etc. Horace, for example, advised his readers to simply imitate the Greeks and never try to invent anything themselves because their inventions will be weak and unattractive - Imitation cannot produce originality. As Seneca puts it with bitterness, “a man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking by Seneca. - The Romans were a simple rural and uncultivated people who became successful warriors

2015- 5- 8	#36
ندى العالم أكـاديـمـي مـشـارك الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 92969 تاريخ التسجيل: Tue Nov 2011 المشاركات: 2,283 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 4174 مؤشر المستوى: 77 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: جامعة فيصل الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: English language المستوى: خريج جامعي	رد: تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! Lecture 2 - The only written language was Latin and people who could read Greek, like Erasmus - The logic was this: Great empires needed great literature, just like the Romans and the Greeks had. - the study of classical learning, literature and criticism all emerged with the purpose of giving the emerging European states written and “civilized” languages comparable to those of Rome and Greece. - Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories like they were national monuments - European writers called for the “imitation of the classics. Imitation doesn’t lead to Originality : - In Rome, imitation led to frustration and produced a plagiaristic culture. Europeans simply ignored these complications. The desire to produce poetic monuments to go with their political and military power was more important. - As long as imitation produced “textual monuments” in the form of books, poems and plays, European writers were happy with it. - Europeans thought that they were imitating the classical cultures of Greece and Rome. In reality they imitated mostly the Romans. Very few Greek texts were available in Europe before the 19th century . European classicism, for example, always claimed to be based on the ideas of Aristotle - European classicism, for example, always claimed to be based on the ideas of Aristotle, but research shows that they knew very little of Aristotle’s work. - “A first hand knowledge of Aristotle, even in translation, seem to have been exceptional: Walpole mentions him five times in his letters – usually coupled with Bossu and the ‘Rules’; and Cowper, at the age of fifty-three, had ‘never in his life perused a page of Aristotle.’ The Poetics were mush reverenced, but little read.” - European writers knew Greek works “only… through the praise of (Roman) Latin authors.”

2015- 5- 8	#37
ندى العالم أكـاديـمـي مـشـارك الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 92969 تاريخ التسجيل: Tue Nov 2011 المشاركات: 2,283 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 4174 مؤشر المستوى: 77 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: جامعة فيصل الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: English language المستوى: خريج جامعي	رد: تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! Lecture 3 - Greek thought influenced, in one way or another, every single literary form that developed in Europe and the West, but the differences between the two cultures remain significant. - Plato’s most important contributions to criticism appear in his famous dialogue the Republic. Two main ideas appear in this dialogue that have had a lasting influence - Plato makes the very important distinction between Mimesis and Diagesis, two concepts that remain very important to analyse literature even today - Drama with characters is usually a mimesis; stories in the third person are usually a diegesis Mimesis-Diegesis (imitation-narration) - Plato was the first to explain that narration or story telling (in Arabic al-sard) can proceed by narration or by imitation Book X of the Republic - This is Plato’s famous decision in Book X of the Republic to ban poets and poetry from the city - Western cultures have always claimed that their practice of literature and art are based on Greek antiquity Oral Society - “The Greek term for Art and its Latin equivalent (ars) do not specifically denote the “fine arts” in the modern sense, but were applied to all kinds of human activities which we would call crafts or sciences.” - The Western institution of “Fine Arts” or “les Beaux Arts” or Aesthetics”, as a system that includes on the basis of common characteristics those human activities [painting, architecture, sculpture, music and poetry] and separates them from the crafts and the sciences, are all products of the mid eighteenth century: Arts is an 18th Century Invention - The basic notion that the five “major arts” [painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry] - that Plato does not use the words “literature” or “art.” He uses the word “poetry.” - They poet could be a tragedian like Sophocles or Euripides - The poet that Plato describes in the Republic, as Eric Havelock shows, is a poet, a performer and an educator. The poetry that Plato talks about was main source of knowledge in the society. - It is only in an oral society that poetry becomes the most principal source of knowledge and education - Because poetry uses rhyme, meter and harmony and those make language easy to remember (like proverbs are easy to remember) Poetry Cripples the Mind >>> - Plato accuses the poetic experience of his time of conditioning the citizens to imitate and repeat, uncritically, the values of a tradition without grasping it. - The citizens, Plato says, are trained to imitate passively the already poor imitations provided by the discourse of poetry. - The poet is only good at song-making. His knowledge of the things he sings about like courage, honour, war, peace, government, education, etc., is superficial. He only knows enough about them to make his song. - The poet produces only a poor copy of the things he sings about, and those who listen to him and believe him acquire a poor education. - Poetry excites the senses and neutralizes the brain and the thinking faculties. It produces docile and passive imitators. - Plato blames the traditional education given to the youth. It does not meet the standards of justice and virtue. Then he blames the parents and teachers as accomplices. If parents and tutors tell their children to be just, it is "for the sake of character and reputation, in the hope of obtaining for him who is reputed just some of those offices, marriages and the like" - People are encourage to 'seem' just rather than 'be' just. And the authorities to whom people appeal for these views are, of course, the poets. Homer, Masaeus and Orpheus are all cited for illustration. 3 　 - It would be fine, he says, if people just laughed at these tales and stories, but the problem is that they take them seriously as a source of education and law. - How are people’s minds going to be affected, he asks, by the poetic discourse to which they are exposed night and day, in private and in public, in weddings and funerals, in war and in peace? - What is the impact especially on those who are young, “quick-witted, and, like bees on the wing, light on every flower?” - How are they going to deal with this dubious educational material poured into their minds? They are “prone to draw conclusions, _________________________________________________ - Plato saw the poet as a big danger to his society. The Colors of Poetry: Rhythm, Harmony and Measures - Plato analyses two aspects of poetry to prove his point: style and content. - Style: Plato observes that the charm of poetry and its power reside in its rhythm, harmony, and measures. These are what he calls the ‘colours’ of poetry. Seeming Vs. Being Poetry creates a culture of superficiality. People want only to “seem” just rather than “be” just

2015- 5- 8	#38
ندى العالم أكـاديـمـي مـشـارك الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 92969 تاريخ التسجيل: Tue Nov 2011 المشاركات: 2,283 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 4174 مؤشر المستوى: 77 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: جامعة فيصل الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: English language المستوى: خريج جامعي	رد: تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! النقد الأدبي الواجب الأول Which poet said: “A man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking”? Seneca - Who was the first philosopher/critic to make the distinction between Mimesis and Diegesis? Plato - Aristotle says that a good tragedy must have: Six parts - الواجب الثاني “Defamiliarization” or “The Making Strange” is a technique that became famous among: Russian Formalists. - Russian Formalists had an ambition to: To establish an autonomous science of literature - According to Roman Jackobson, “the subject of literary science is not literature, but… literariness - الواجب الثالث In literary criticism, Structuralism… Continued the work that was done before by Russian Formalism - According to structuralist critics, literary criticism should focus exclusively on: The text - Structuralism tries to analyze literature from: A scientific point of view - The Actantial Model was developed by: A.J. Greimas

2015- 5- 8	#39
ندى العالم أكـاديـمـي مـشـارك الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 92969 تاريخ التسجيل: Tue Nov 2011 المشاركات: 2,283 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 4174 مؤشر المستوى: 77 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: جامعة فيصل الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: English language المستوى: خريج جامعي	رد: تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! المحاضره الثالثه أفلاطون. كان نقده مؤثر جدا extremely influential وأسيء فهمه جدا extremely misunderstood أفلاطون كتب حوارات dialogue في كل أشعاره كان أفلاطون مهوس obsessed بالشعر طول حياته لكن الأدباء والنقاد الغربيين في عصرنا الحاضر ماهم عارفين شنو سبب هوسه بالشعر بعض النقاد حبوه وبعضهم كرهوه لكن كلهم احترموه

2015- 5- 8	#40
ندى العالم أكـاديـمـي مـشـارك الملف الشخصي: رقم العضوية : 92969 تاريخ التسجيل: Tue Nov 2011 المشاركات: 2,283 الـجنــس : أنـثـى عدد الـنقـاط : 4174 مؤشر المستوى: 77 بيانات الطالب: الكلية: جامعة فيصل الدراسة: انتساب التخصص: English language المستوى: خريج جامعي	رد: تجمع النقد الادبي .... !! اهم مساهمات (contribution) أفلاطون في النقد كانت في حواره الشهير الجهورية (republic) حيث كانت فيه فكرتين رأسيتين اثرت ع النقد تأثير واضح أفلاطون في كتابه الثالت من الجمهورية (republic) وضع الفروقات الرأسييه بين المحاكاة (mimesise) والسرد (diagesis) * السرد أني أقولك قصه عن واحد بضمير الغائب فلان ذهب وفعل وترك .... هنا قاعده اسرد عليك حكايه narration diagesis * المحاكاة اذا كنت أقول عن نفسي انا رحت وفعلت والخ هنا انا قاعده احاكي القصه mimesise الشخصيات الي بالمسرحيه غالبا تكون محاكاه اما القصص ف الأغلب فيها هو السرد

الذين يشاهدون محتوى الموضوع الآن : 1 ( الأعضاء 0 والزوار 1)

المواضيع المتشابهه
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