________


المحـآضره العاشره :

في البدايه يجب ان نفهم جيدا ان اللغه او الكلمات التي سنستخدمها في حوار او حديث او موقف ما ستختلف حتما باختلاف الموقف او الظرف ..
أي انني من الممكن جدا ان اتوقع اللغه التي سوف تتحدث بها بمجرد معرفتي بالمكان الذي تتواجد فيه ...

الانعكاس :

حينما نفكر في كيف يقع او يتواجد معنى معين في سياق معين فاننا نواجه او نتعرف على خاصيه مهمه من خصائص اللغه ,, خاصيه سنسميها (( الانعكاسيه )) . وهي الخاصيه السحريه للغه .


من الممكن ان نرى هذه الخاصيه حتى في ابسط الحوارات مثل (( كيف حالك ؟ بخير .)) حوار بسيط يتبادله زملاء في احد ممرات المكتب . لماذا استخدموا تلك الكلمات بالذات في ذلك الموقف ؟ لانهم اخذوا في الاعتبار ان اللقاء بينهم قصير وهم على معرفه سابقه ببعض , وهذه هي الكلمات المناسبه التي ممكن ان يستخدموها في مثل هذا الموقف .لماذا جعلوا الموقف يبدو هكذا ؟ أي لماذا اصبح اللقاء بينهم قصير وسريع ؟ لانهم استخدموا مثل تلك الكلمات وتصرفوا بهذا الشكل .


-ولو تم افتتاح المحادثه بينهم بجمله اخرى (( ماهي مشكلتك ؟ او مم تشكو ؟ )) سيكون الموقف او الظرف مختلف تماما .

- هنا نرى اننا نواجه نفس مشكلة الدجاجه والبيضه (( من اتى اولا )) مره اخرى (( أي هل الكلمات المستخدمه هي التي تحدد الموقف ام ان الموقف هو الذي يحدد ماهي الكلمات التي ستستخدم ))

مالذي ياتي اولا الموقف او اللغه ؟

وهذا السؤال يعكس تبادليه مهمه بين اللغه والواقع : اللغه في نفس الوقت تعكس الواقع ( كيف هو الان ) وتركبه بطريقه محدده .

4-في الوقت الذي تعتبر فيه مفردة (( التبادليه )) تدل على خاصيه مهمه في اللغه , الا ان اللفظ الاكثر استعمالا هو (( الانعكاسيه )) ( بمعنى ان اللغه والموقف او السياق مرايتان تعكس كل منها وجه الاخرى بلا نهايه وباستمرار ) .

الموقف او الظرف :

اللغه دائما تعكس وتكون او تبني الموقف او السياق التي تستخدم فيه ( من هنا سوف يظل جي يستخدم كلمة الموقف بدلا من كلمة السياق لانه يريد ان يحدده بطريقه محدده ) .لكن مالذي نعنيه بكلمة موقف ؟ الحالات او المواقف , حينما تتضمن تفاعل اجتماعي تواصلي , فانها تتضمن المكونات او الجوانب او الابعاد التاليه المرتبطه ببعضها ارتباطا وثيقا :

الاول ::

الجانب او البعد الرمزي او الدلالي : كاستخدام نظام الاشاره او الرمز كاستخدام اللغه , التلميح , او أي انظمه رمزيه اخرى ..(( لم يتوسع الدكتور هنا في شرح باقي السلايدات ))

الثاني ::

الجانب النشاطي او الحركي : هي النشاط او الانشطه الاجتماعيه المحدده التي يرتبط بها المشتركون (( يركز الدكتور داااائما وابدا على اهمية التعريفات ))

الثالث :

البعد او الجانب السياسي : وهو توزيع الخدمات او المنافع الاجتماعيه في التفاعل مثل القوه والحاله ؟؟

الرابع ::

البعد الثقافي الاجتماعي : وهو المعرفه , والاحاسيس والقيم والهويات الاجتماعيه والشخصيه والثقافيه والعلاقات المرتبطه بالتفاعل متضمنه بالطبع المعرفه الثقافيه الاجتماعيه عن نظام الاشاره , النشاطات .....



كل تلك الابعاد مجتمعه تكون نظام ( شبكه مترابطه ) من خلاله يكون كل مكون او جانب على حده يعطي في الوقت نفسه معنى لباقي الجوانب ويستنبط معناه منها .

المواقف او الظروف لايمكن ابدا ان تكون جديده تماما ( ولو كانت كذلك لما فهمناها ) بل انها متكرره طوال الوقت ...

اهم مايجب التركيز عليه دائما هو التعاريف وتعاريف الجوانب او الابعاد السابقه مهم ايضا ..

___________


المحآضره الحآديه عشر :


جميع الجوانب التي سبق ودرسناه مجتمعه تشكل نظام ( شبكه مترابطه ) يكون فيها كل من هذه الجوانب او المكونات يعطي في نفس الوقت معنى للجوانب الاخرى ويستنبط معناه منها . حيث يكون لدينا شكل اخر من الانعكاسيه هنا .

هنا من الممكن ان نسمي ( شبكة الوضع او الموقف ) المواقف لاتكون ابدا جديده ومبتدعه كليا بل انها تتكرر بشكل دائم سواء باختلاف كبير او بسيط , أي ان بعضها قد يتكرر بشكل كبير بدون اختلاف حتى يصبح من الصعب احداث أي تغيير فيه .

أي من اجل تحليل أي خطاب لابد ان تكون تملك بعض المبادئ الثابته ..

بالرغم من ان تحليل الخطابات عادة يركز على اللغه ( الجانب الرمزي ) الا انه ممكن ان يبتدئ من أي من هذه الجوانب من الموقف وفي النهايه سوف يعود الى باقي الجوانب .


يعطي جي امثله على ان جميع تلك الجوانب مرتبطه ببعض ويؤدي بعضها الى بعض ..

تخيل غرفة ندوات فيها طاوله مستديره تحيط بها السبوره من كل الجهات , الغرفه لها مقدمه ومؤخره , حين يقف المعلم في مقدمة الغرفه متحدثا الى الطلاب .

مالذي يجعل للغرفه ( الشيئ المادي ) مقدمه ومؤخره ( شيئ او قيم معنويه ) ؟؟هو نشاط ثقافي اجتماعي مميز وهو قد يكون معروف عند بعض الثقافات وعن البعض الاخر يكون غير معروف فيحدده هوية الثقافه وتحدده سلوكها ,

ايضا ابعاد الغرفه ( اما و خلف ) تعكس السياسه التقليديه للمعلم ( كصاحب السلطه ) والطلاب ( من تمارس عليهم السلطه ) .بالتالي , الغرفه , النشاط , الكلام , الهويه الثقافيه الاجتماعيه , والعلاقات السياسيه كلها مجتمعه تعطي

وتاخذ معانيها من بعضها البعض .

_________


بعض الاسئله اللي ممكن تفيدكم ،




___________________________________




Discourse analysis is meant to enable us to solve concrete problem by making us ask ________ and epistemological questions.

A -ontological
B. diglossical
C. undiglossia
D. biological






Analysis of discourse looks not only at the basic level of what is said, but takes into consideration the surrounding social and ________ contexts

A. Geographical
B. political
C.historical
D. technological




In order to fully understand a given discourse you have to consider the ________ context.

A.historical
B. geographical
C. anthropological
D. archaeological



In DA one term is looked upon a lot more favourably than the other, and this is what a Discourse Analyst would consider, as well as looking at the relationship of these terms with a ________

A. wider World
B. wider society
C.widely used term
D. wider culture





Discourse analysis will enable to reveal the hidden ________ behind a text

A. Results
B. author
C.motivation
D. Critic




Though critical thinking about the analysis of texts is as ancient as mankind, discourse analysis is perceived as the product of ________ period.

A. modern
B. premodern
C. old
D.postmodern




the use of a term like colonization ’ or a ‘occupation’ is something that is ________ important in DA


A. Sometimes
B.always





Discourse Analysis (DA) is a modern discipline of the social sciences that covers a wide variety of different ________ approaches.

A. Linguistic
B. psycholinguistic
C. syntactic
D.sociolinguistic



It is not possible to give a ________ definition (s) of discourse analysis.

A.single
B. two
C. three
D. 25




Discourse analysis is meant to provide a ________ of the hidden motivations in others and in ourselves.

A.higher awareness
B. low awareness
C. hidden awareness
D. black awareness


Discourse Analysis is briefly written (its acronyms) as(________).

A. AA
B. DD
C. AD
D.DA



Discourse analysts ________, and this just means anything that communicates a message.

A.will look at any given text
B.won’t look at any given text
C. will look only linguistic texts
D. will look only literary texts

_____

تآبع للأسئله ،




_____________________________________




Language has a magical property: when we speak or write we craft what we have to say to ________ the situation or context in which we are communicating.

A.Fit
B. contradict
C. criticize
D. describe




If institutions, committees, and committee meeting didn’t already exist, speaking and acting in certain ways would be ________


A.nonsense
B. meaningful



"I enter a plain, square room" is an example of an area of reality which is reflect by speech. The area which is reflected by this example is ________

A.The meaning and value of aspects of the material world
B. activities
C. politics
D. semiotics




(what and how different symbol systems and different forms of knowledge “count”): is an example of an area of reality which is reflect by speech. The area which is reflected by this example is ________


A. The meaning and value of aspects of the material world
B. activities
C. politics
D.semiotics




“Tools of inquiry” in DA means ________


A.ways of looking at the world of talk and interaction
B. ways of writing
C. ways of reading
D. ways of constructing good sentences




How we speak or write ________ that very situation or context in which we are communicating.

A. Does not create
B.creates
C. avoids to describe
D. does not avoid to describe



Whenever we speak or write we always and simultaneously construct or build ________ areas of “reality”:


A. five
B. two
C. Four
D.Six




“I talk and act in such a way that a visibly angry male in a committee meeting (perhaps it’s me!) Is “standing his ground on principle,” but a visibly angry female is “hysterical” is an example of an area of reality which is reflect by speech. The area which is reflected by this example is ________


A. The meaning and value of aspects of the material world
B. activities
C.politics
D. semiotics



“Situated identities, “means ________

A.different identities or social positions we enact and recognize in different settings





Human beings can change their identities (they could be sisters, other times they are mothers )via changing their ________

A. speech
B. the color of their eyes
C. the color of their hair
D.the place where they stand





Discourses “with a capital “D,” means ________


A. different identities or social positions we enact and recognize in different settings
B. different styles of language that we use to enact and recognize different identities in different setting
C.different ways in which we humans integrate language with non-language “stuff,”
D. long-running and important themes or motifs that have been the focus of a variety of different texts



________ at play allow people to enact and recognize different Discourses at world ***

A. psychological languages and situated meanings
B. situated meanings and cultural models
C. social meaning and cultural models
D.social languages, situated meanings, and cultural models



Some of the non-
language “stuff,” which are important in discourse are: _______


A.different ways of thinking, acting and interacting
B. sleeping
C. dreaming
D. imagining



After all, if we did not speak and act in certain ways, committees ________

A.Could not exist
B. Could not succeed
C. Could not appear successful
D. Could not teach



we fit our language to a situation or context ________, in turn, helped to create in the first place.

A.that our language,
B. that our body
C. that our thought
D. that our personality



.
This is rather like the “________” question: Which comes first? Is an important question in discourse analysis.


A. chicken and animals
B.chicken and egg
C. Vegetables and fruits
D. Men and animals




This is what Gee calls
“________” People engage in such work when they try to make visible to others (and to themselves, as well) who they are and what they are doing


A.recognition work
B. incredible work
C. credible work
D. understandable work




That there is a
“committee meeting” is known through ________


A. the clothes people wear
B.the language used
C. the color of the room
D. the number of the people




The tools of inquiry that are important in discourse are the tools that are relevant to how we (together with others) build ________ and activities.

A. personality
B. ambition
C. dreams
D.identities





there are several “tools of inquiry” that will help us study how these building tasks are carried out and with what social and political ________


A. reasons
B.consequences
C. motives
D. goals

______

تآبع الاسئله ،


__________________________________



“Conversations” with a capital “C,” that long-running and ________ that have been the focus of a variety of different texts and interactions.


A. important themes imagining
B.important themes or motifs
C. long-running but not important themes or motifs
D. important themes of acting positively




I talk in a way that is to be linked to the one I used in the previous meeting. This area of reality is ________

A.connection
B. disappearance
C. appearance
D. pretending



I talk and act in one way one moment and I am speaking and acting as “chair” of the committee; the next moment I speak and talk in a different way


A. Identities and relationships




We talk and act in another way and we are engaged in “chit-chat” before the official start of the meeting

A. Activities




When you speak or write anything, you use the resources of English to project yourself as a certain kind of ________

A. object
B. topic
C. leader
D.person



When you speak you try to present yourself as a certain person who is inv*** in a certain kind of ________

A. class
B. upper class
C.activity
D. low class



You project yourself as a certain kind of person when ________

A. you pretend yourself as a hero
B.you speak and write anything, and you use all of the sources of your language
C. you speak and write anything, and you avoid using any other language
D. you give up hope



If I have no idea who you are and what you are doing ________

A. I cannot know where are you from
B.I cannot make sense of what you have said, written, or done.
C. I find it easy to know what you have said, written, or done.
D. I might find it difficult to understand what you have said, written, or done




Since different identities and activities are enacted in and through language, the study of language is integrally connected to matters of ________

A. inequity and injustice
B. equity and injustice
C. inequity and justice
D.equity and justice




Who’s ________ Multiple and ________ be people.

A. cannot be/they need not
B.can be/they need not always





________, through the “anonymous” texts and products they circulate, can author or issue “utterances.” For example, the warning on an aspirin bottle actually communicates multiple whos.


A. teachers
B.not just individuals, but also institutions
C. only institutions



The warning on an aspirin bottle actually communicates multiple ________

A. Whats
B.Whos
C. Whichs
D. Wheres




You project a different identity at a formal dinner party than you do at the family dinner table. And, though these are both dinner, ________

A. they are same kind of activities
B. they are not activities
C.they are different activities
D. they are insignificant activities



An oral or written “utterance” has meaning, then, only if and when it communicates ________


A. a who
B. a what
C.a who and a what
D. a why




An utterance ________ a sort of overlapping ________
who


A. can communicate/but not compound
B.can communicate/and compound
C. cannot communicate/but not compound
D. cannot communicate/but compound





it is better, in fact, to say that utterances communicate an
(a) ________, though often multiple or ________“” who-doing-what.


A.Integrated/hetroglossic
B. integrated/homoglossic
C. disintegrated/hetroglossic
D. disintegrated/homoglossic




we can point out that whos and whats are not really discrete and separable. You are who you are partly through what you are doing and ________ is partly recognized for what it is by who is doing it.

A. what you like
B.what you are doing
C. what Ahmad is doing
D. what you are not doing




People have differential access to different identities and activities, connected to different sorts of status and social goods, and this is considered as ________

A.a root source of inequality
B. a root source of equality
C. a root source of prejudice




Lots of interesting complications can set in when we think about identity enacted in and through language. Who's can be multiple and they need not always be ________

A. difficult
B. easy
C.people
D. animals



a socially-situated identity, means the
“________” one is seeking to be and enact here and now.


A. kind of dream
B.kind of person
C. kind of rank
D. kind of imagining




An utterance can be authored by ________

A. one person
B. groups
C.one person or groups
D. a secretary and only other two mangers





The President’s ________ can issue an utterance that is, in fact, authored by a speech writer and authorized (and even claimed) by the President.


A.press secretary
B. thoughts
C. past experience
D. company





“________” is a socially-situated activity that the utterance helps to constitute.


A.what




. Studying the way in which situations produce and reproduce institutions, and are, in turn, sustained by them, is an important part of ________
A. Discourse analysis





A ________, that is, the place, time, bodies and objects present during interaction

A.material aspect




Though discourse analysis usually focuses on the language (________) aspect, it can start from any of these aspects of a situation.

A. pismitic
B. active
C. passive
D.semiotic





Any piece of language, oral or written, is composed of a set of ________ cues or clues that help listeners or readers to build six things.

A. psychological
B.grammatical
C. social
D. historical



Cultural models are distributed across different sorts of ……………………..


expertise and viewpoint found in the group






Different types of coffee drunk in different ways have different ………….


social and cultures implications




Cultural models linked to each other to create bigger and bigger …………


storylines



Link networks of cultural model help organize the ……………………….


thinking and social practices of socio cultural groups




Cultural models which integrates models for children helps parents explain ……………………….



their children behavior in terms of value the groups holds



Cultural models are continually revised and developed in interaction with others in the group and through ………………………………….


the exposure to various books and other media




We build ________ things when we speak or write.

A. three
B. four
C.six
D. seven




connection building, that is, using cues and clues to make assumptions about how the past and future of an interaction are ________

A. different
B. similar
C. equal
D.linked





world building, that is, using cues or clues to assemble situated meanings about ________

A. what activity is going on
B.what is here and now reality
C. what is the heading
D. the past and the future




________ building is one of the six building tasks through which we use language.

A. Rosic
B. Endemic
C. Chronic
D.Semiotic





One of the best linguists to write about discourse analysis is ________

A.Gee
B. Chomsky
C. Charles Dickens
D. Shakespeare



Other ________ which are important in discourse.

A. linguistic feature
B. extra-linguistic factor
C. local factor
D. anthropological factors